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CRDTs are actually simple — the hard part is delivery

July 18, 2026

Everyone hand-waves the CRDT math. The real complexity is the transport: exactly-once ordered delivery over an unreliable network.

The convergence math is one page. What eats the year is delivery.

The three delivery problems

  1. Ordering ops so tombstones outlive their causes.
  2. Deduplication when a client reconnects mid-batch.
  3. Compaction — you can't append forever.

Solve those three and the CRDT part is the easy day.